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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Application of Microwave Ablation in Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy
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Splenic Angioembolization and Operative Management Rates Across Trauma Center Levels: A National Analysis of Blunt

Ian Bundschu1, Alexander Brown2, Sukriti Prashar3

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Splenic angioembolization (SAE) is safe and effective for high-grade blunt splenic trauma in stable and unstable patients. SAE utilization is consistent across trauma centers, supporting its integration into management protocols.

Keywords:
AngioembolizationBlunt traumaHemodynamic stabilityNonoperative managementOperative managementSplenic injuryTrauma center level

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Published on: December 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Trauma Surgery
  • Interventional Radiology
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • High-grade blunt splenic trauma presents significant management challenges.
  • Evaluating treatment modalities like splenic angioembolization (SAE) versus operative management is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the utilization rates and outcomes of SAE and operative management for high-grade blunt splenic injuries.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of SAE in both hemodynamically stable and unstable adult patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Participant Use File.
  • Inclusion of adult patients with high-grade blunt splenic injuries treated at level I and II trauma centers.
  • Stratification of patients based on hemodynamic stability and comparison of SAE versus operative management.

Main Results:

  • SAE utilization rates were comparable between level I and II trauma centers for both stable and unstable patients.
  • In stable patients, SAE was linked to shorter ICU stays and reduced transfusion volumes.
  • SAE demonstrated lower splenectomy and nonoperative management failure rates across subgroups, with similar in-hospital mortality and complication rates.

Conclusions:

  • Splenic angioembolization is a safe and effective alternative to operative management for high-grade blunt splenic injuries in both stable and unstable patients.
  • Consistent SAE utilization and outcomes across trauma centers support its broader adoption in clinical practice.