Influences of illuminated speed limit markings on driving behaviors-A driving simulation study

Roadside speed limit signs and conventional painted markings are widely used, but their effectiveness is often compromised under low-visibility conditions, leading to insufficient speed awareness and compliance. To address this issue, this study introduces illuminated speed limit markings of two different sizes and compares their effects on driving behavior with conventional signs under different conditions. Using linear mixed models (LMM) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), we examined the effects of driver characteristics, environmental factors, and sign types on five key driving performance indicators, moderating effects of weather and time. Results show that illuminated markings significantly outperform conventional signs under low-visibility conditions: small illuminated markings reduce speed variation and improve compliance in foggy weather, while large ones excel at nighttime. Both sizes of illuminated markings induce more pronounced deceleration tendencies and smoother speed adjustments. These findings highlight the potential of illuminated markings to enhance traffic safety, especially under low-visibility conditions. Future field trials are needed to validate their real-world effectiveness and practical feasibility.