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Maximum Acceptable Box Width and Box Mass for One-Handed Box Transfers from Three Shelf Heights: A Psychophysical

Julia Xinyi Li¹, Dennis Larson¹, Christopher Moore¹

¹Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors

|May 13, 2026

Summary

Researchers determined the maximum box width and mass for comfortable one-handed transfers. Findings help digital human model (DHM) users decide when to model one-handed versus two-handed box transfers for better ergonomics.

Keywords:

One-handed lifting capacity digital human modeling manual material handling perceptual thresholds

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Area of Science:

Ergonomics and Human Factors
Biomechanics
Digital Human Modeling

Background:

Accurate digital human models (DHM) require understanding worker interactions with objects.
Estimating when workers use one hand versus two for tasks like box transfers is crucial for proactive ergonomics.
This study investigates factors influencing one-handed box transfers to improve DHM simulations.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the maximum acceptable box width and mass for one-handed transfers from various shelf heights.
To provide data for refining DHM simulations of human-object interactions.
To inform ergonomic assessments by understanding the limits of one-handed lifting.

Main Methods:

Participants performed one-handed box transfers from three shelf heights.
Box width and mass were adjusted until participants reached their maximum acceptable limits for comfortable and safe transfer.
Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of shelf height and grip orientation.

Main Results:

Maximum acceptable box width ranged from 13.3 to 13.8 cm.
Maximum acceptable box mass ranged from 2.05 to 2.51 kg.
One-handed transfers were most restricted (lowest acceptable width and mass) when grasping from shoulder height at the box front.

Conclusions:

One-handed transfers are more likely when box width is <70% of hand length and requires <36.7% wrist strength.
Results offer insights into the one-handed lifting capacity for standard, handleless cardboard boxes.
This data helps DHM users accurately model one-handed vs. two-handed box transfers.