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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Using your head to tackle influenza diversity.

Marios Koutsakos1, Adam K Wheatley1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Cell Host & Microbe
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New monoclonal antibodies offer broad protection against diverse influenza strains. These antibodies target the hemagglutinin head, neutralizing both influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) and influenza B viruses, improving vaccine development.

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A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
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Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

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A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins
10:32

A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

Published on: May 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Influenza viruses exhibit significant antigenic diversity, complicating the creation of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies.
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) protein, particularly its head domain, is a primary target for neutralizing antibodies due to its role in viral entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies capable of cross-neutralizing diverse influenza virus subtypes.
  • To explore the potential of HA head-targeting antibodies for broad-spectrum influenza protection.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin head domain.
  • In vitro neutralization assays against various influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) and influenza B virus strains.
  • Analysis of antibody binding epitopes on the hemagglutinin head.

Main Results:

  • Identification of monoclonal antibodies that exhibit potent neutralizing activity against both A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza virus subtypes.
  • Discovery of antibodies capable of cross-neutralizing drifted influenza B virus strains.
  • Demonstration that targeting the hemagglutinin head domain can elicit broad-spectrum neutralization.

Conclusions:

  • Monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza hemagglutinin head domain represent a promising strategy for developing broad-spectrum influenza countermeasures.
  • These findings advance the development of universal influenza vaccines and therapies by addressing viral diversity.