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Updated: May 15, 2026

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure
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External N-2-fluorophenyl-D-gluconamide does not affect zebrafish embryogenesis.

Rafay Osmani1, Lucie Cavallotto2, Nishaka William1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Cryobiology
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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N-2-fluorophenyl-D-gluconamide (2FA) is biocompatible with zebrafish embryos. This ice recrystallization inhibitor shows no cytotoxicity or teratogenicity, supporting its use in zebrafish embryo cryopreservation research.

Area of Science:

  • Zebrafish embryo cryopreservation
  • Biocompatibility testing
  • Ice recrystallization inhibitors

Background:

  • Cryopreservation of zebrafish embryos is difficult due to cryoprotectant sensitivity and ice formation.
  • Ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) may improve cryopreservation outcomes.
  • The biocompatibility of N-2-fluorophenyl-D-gluconamide (2FA) in zebrafish embryos is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the cytotoxicity and teratogenicity of 2FA in zebrafish embryos.
  • To determine safe exposure concentrations and developmental stages for 2FA use.

Main Methods:

  • Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 9 mM or 15 mM 2FA during specific developmental stages (blastula to hatching) or continuously for 72 hours.
  • Hatch rate and morphological abnormalities were assessed at 72 hours post-fertilization.
Keywords:
CryopreservationDimethyl sulfoxideEmbryogenesisIce recrystallizationToxicity

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  • Embryo media served as the control group.

    • Main Results:

    • 2FA exposure did not significantly reduce hatch rates across any tested concentration or exposure window.
    • No increase in mortality or abnormal morphology was observed compared to controls.
    • Zebrafish embryos tolerated 2FA up to 15 mM without adverse effects.

    Conclusions:

    • 2FA demonstrates excellent biocompatibility with zebrafish embryos at concentrations up to 15 mM.
    • These findings support the potential of 2FA as a cryoprotective agent in zebrafish embryo cryopreservation.
    • Further research into 2FA's efficacy in improving cryopreservation survival is warranted.