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Updated: May 15, 2026

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs
Published on: January 26, 2018
Global patterns and drivers of tree introductions
Yingying Zhu1, Yuxin Qiao2, Jianquan Liu1
1State Key Laboratory of Herbage Innovation and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
Over half of all tree species are introduced non-natives, including threatened ones. Their spread is linked to climate and human development, posing invasion risks.
Area of Science:
- Ecology
- Conservation Biology
- Biogeography
Background:
- Non-native tree introductions outside native ranges present conservation challenges and benefits.
- Understanding the global scale and drivers of these introductions is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the global extent and phylogenetic patterns of non-native tree introductions.
- To identify traits and environmental factors associated with tree introductions.
Main Methods:
- Utilized over 31 million occurrence records for 50,470 tree species.
- Analyzed phylogenetic relatedness and environmental correlates of introduction.
Main Results:
- 51.7% of studied tree species were introduced non-natives; 63.7% of families contained threatened non-native species.
- Introductions are phylogenetically conserved, with South America, North America, and temperate Asia showing high non-native richness.
- Europe has the highest percentage of non-natives (88.4%), dominated by intracontinental flows.
Conclusions:
- Taller species with specific leaf traits are more frequently introduced.
- Non-native richness correlates with warmer, wetter climates and higher social development.
- Competitive traits suggest future invasion risks, necessitating policies for native biodiversity protection.
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