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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs
04:41

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Published on: January 26, 2018

Global patterns and drivers of tree introductions.

Yingying Zhu1, Yuxin Qiao2, Jianquan Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Herbage Innovation and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.

Current Biology : CB
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Over half of all tree species are introduced non-natives, including threatened ones. Their spread is linked to climate and human development, posing invasion risks.

Keywords:
bioclimatic factorsecological traitsglobal tree introductionssocioeconomic driversthreatened tree species

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Non-native tree introductions outside native ranges present conservation challenges and benefits.
  • Understanding the global scale and drivers of these introductions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global extent and phylogenetic patterns of non-native tree introductions.
  • To identify traits and environmental factors associated with tree introductions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized over 31 million occurrence records for 50,470 tree species.
  • Analyzed phylogenetic relatedness and environmental correlates of introduction.

Main Results:

  • 51.7% of studied tree species were introduced non-natives; 63.7% of families contained threatened non-native species.
  • Introductions are phylogenetically conserved, with South America, North America, and temperate Asia showing high non-native richness.
  • Europe has the highest percentage of non-natives (88.4%), dominated by intracontinental flows.

Conclusions:

  • Taller species with specific leaf traits are more frequently introduced.
  • Non-native richness correlates with warmer, wetter climates and higher social development.
  • Competitive traits suggest future invasion risks, necessitating policies for native biodiversity protection.