Next-generation immune models: bioinks, 3D bioprinting, and future directions

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Immunology
• Tissue Engineering

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a novel method for constructing physiologically relevant in vitro tissue microenvironments.
• Emerging research highlights that microenvironmental cues significantly influence immune cell activation and function.
• Bioprinted immune niches are increasingly recognized as valuable tools for both fundamental and translational immunology research.

Purpose of the Study:

• This review focuses on key considerations for the 3D bioprinting of immune niches.
• It specifically addresses the selection of bioinks and biofabrication strategies.
• The aim is to guide the development of advanced bioprinting tools for immune niche applications.

Main Methods:

• The review synthesizes information from existing bioprinted tissue constructs and immune niche literature.
• It draws upon established knowledge of the anatomy of the immune system.
• A comprehensive analysis of current biofabrication techniques and biomaterials is presented.

Main Results:

• Key considerations for 3D bioprinting immune niches are outlined.
• The review details the importance of appropriate bioink selection for cell viability and function.
• Effective biofabrication strategies are discussed in the context of creating functional immune microenvironments.

Conclusions:

• 3D bioprinting holds significant promise for creating advanced in vitro models of immune niches.
• Further development of bioinks and fabrication techniques is needed to fully realize the potential of bioprinted immune systems.
• This review provides a roadmap for expanding the bioprinting toolbox to better mimic complex immune system anatomy and function.