Physical Exercise for Erectile Dysfunction: A Mini review on Unresolved Controversies and the Path to Precision...

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly recognized as an early marker of systemic vascular disease, yet the role of exercise as a therapeutic intervention remains surrounded by significant controversy. Although mechanistic studies suggest that exercise enhances endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability, clinical trials show highly variable outcomes across populations. Key unresolved debates include: optimal exercise modality (aerobic vs resistance training), dose-response relationships, the complex interplay between exercise and testosterone, genetic determinants of treatment response, and potential risks in athletic populations (particularly cyclists). This rapid review critically examines these controversies, highlighting where consensus is lacking and where conflicting evidence demands further investigation. We argue that exercise prescription for ED requires a precision medicine approach that considers individual physiology, training status, genetic variants, and comorbidity profiles. Future research must move beyond heterogeneous protocols toward mechanistically-driven, personalized interventions that optimize vascular, hormonal, and molecular adaptations while minimizing potential adverse effects in specific populations. PATIENT SUMMARY: Exercise may improve erectile function, but the optimal prescription remains uncertain and should be personalized.