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Updated: May 15, 2026

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults
08:25

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Published on: October 19, 2014

Attention costs drive differences between active and passive risk-taking.

Christian König-Kersting1, Johannes Lohse2,3, Anna Louisa Merkel4

  • 1Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.

Scientific Reports
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humans take risks actively or passively. A new task, the Dynamic Lottery Adjustment Task (DLAT), revealed that attention costs significantly influence risk-taking behavior in real-world scenarios, challenging previous assumptions.

Keywords:
Attention costsMode-of-choicePassive decision makingRisk-taking

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Decision Science
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Human risk exposure varies based on active (deliberate actions) or passive (inaction) choices.
  • Existing incentivized risk measures primarily focus on active risk-taking, leaving passive risk-taking understudied.
  • Previous research relied on non-incentivized methods, limiting insights into real-world risk behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Dynamic Lottery Adjustment Task (DLAT) for measuring active versus passive risk-taking.
  • To investigate how active and passive choice modes influence risk exposure.
  • To examine the impact of situational factors, like attention costs, on risk-taking behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Dynamic Lottery Adjustment Task (DLAT), a novel incentivized experimental task.
  • Conducted two experiments: a controlled laboratory setting and an online study over ten days.
  • Manipulated choice modes (active vs. passive) and introduced attention costs in the online experiment.

Main Results:

  • The laboratory experiment showed minimal differences in risk-taking between active and passive choice modes, contradicting the 'passive-is-less-risky' bias.
  • The online experiment demonstrated that higher attention costs significantly impact risk-taking behavior.
  • Findings suggest situational factors play a crucial role in moderating risk-taking differences between active and passive choices.

Conclusions:

  • The DLAT provides a new tool for studying active and passive risk-taking under incentivized conditions.
  • Attention costs are a critical factor influencing risk-taking in more naturalistic decision-making.
  • Understanding situational factors is essential for comprehending risk-taking in real-life contexts such as finance, health, and careers.