Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 15, 2026
06:04
Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator
Published on: February 14, 2025
Leader follower second order voltage control with disturbance observer for DC microgrids.
K M Bhargavi1, Ritesh Dash2, K Jyotheeswara Reddy2
1Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, RNSIT, Bengaluru, India.
Scientific Reports
|May 13, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a novel distributed voltage control for DC microgrids with renewables and EVs, optimizing battery usage and ensuring stable power sharing despite disturbances. It enhances efficiency and reliability in modern grids.
Area of Science:
- Electrical Engineering
- Control Systems
- Renewable Energy Integration
Background:
- DC microgrids are increasingly integrating renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs), leading to complex power-sharing challenges.
- Heterogeneous battery energy storage systems (BESS) require sophisticated coordination for efficient operation and grid stability.
- Existing control strategies often lack robustness against disturbances and optimal leader selection for distributed systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose an advanced secondary voltage control framework for renewable- and EV-integrated DC microgrids.
- To develop a distributed control strategy for coordinated power sharing among heterogeneous BESS using a leader-follower consensus architecture.
- To enhance system efficiency, robustness, and stability under various operational uncertainties and communication imperfections.
Main Methods:
- A second-order distributed voltage control strategy modeling BESS dynamics as second-order agents.
- A cost-index-based leader selection criterion derived from analytical Riccati formulation for optimal battery leader identification.
- Integration of a second-order disturbance observer-based heterogeneous consensus control for robust disturbance compensation.
Main Results:
- The proposed framework ensures robust voltage regulation and coordinated power sharing, significantly reducing DC bus voltage deviation and improving convergence speed.
- Optimal leader selection minimizes energy cost and battery stress, enhancing overall system efficiency.
- The control scheme demonstrates resilience to plug-and-play operation, communication delays, and link failures, validated through extensive simulations.
Conclusions:
- The developed distributed control framework offers a robust, scalable, and energy-efficient solution for secondary voltage control in advanced DC microgrids.
- It outperforms conventional methods in voltage deviation, convergence, state-of-charge balancing, and power mismatch.
- The approach is suitable for next-generation DC microgrids with high renewable and EV penetration.
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