Validating the invisible: A mixed-methods approach to establishing reliable WEF nexus indicators for sustainable...

The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is crucial for efficient resource management in agriculture, especially for high-value crops such as saffron. Despite existing studies, gaps remain in the validation of indicators representing interactions within the nexus. This study addresses these gaps by validating key indicators for sustainable WEF management in organic saffron production and identifying the most influential components. A mixed-methods approach was applied, including literature review, qualitative content analysis, and instrument validation using Lincoln and Guba's method. Face and content validity were assessed through the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), resulting in 91 validated components from an initial 94. The highest-ranked indicators included integrated water resource management, water quality, energy technology, smart infrastructure, economic and market factors, and technology and innovation. Experts emphasized the importance of economic factors, technology adoption, and stakeholder participation for sustainability. Findings highlight the need to implement the WEF framework, strengthen institutional support, and provide targeted incentives. Policymakers and planners should prioritize these components to improve sustainable resource management and support the development of organic saffron production.