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Related Concept Videos

Drug Nomenclature01:17

Drug Nomenclature

During the development of a new pharmaceutical, the manufacturer initially assigns a code name to the drug. Once approved, the drug receives a United States Adopted Name (USAN)—a generic, nonproprietary designation. Upon being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, this nonproprietary name becomes the drug's official name. Additionally, the manufacturer assigns a proprietary name or trademark, which serves as the brand name under which the drug is marketed. It is worth noting that the same...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides01:20

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. In...
Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...

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Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors
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Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

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What's in a NAM?

Arti Ahluwalia1,2, Babette Fletemeyer3, Giuseppe Chirico4,5

  • 1Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. arti.ahluwalia@unipi.it.

Lab Animal
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) offer a paradigm shift beyond animal testing, providing species-specific, human-relevant biological insights. A unified definition clarifies NAMs as non-animal methods, enhancing research accuracy and ethical practices.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Toxicology
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • The scientific community is increasingly moving away from animal experimentation.
  • New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are emerging as key alternatives, supported by policy changes like the FDA Modernization Act 2.0.
  • The term NAMs lacks a clear definition, causing confusion and potential misuse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a unified definition for New Approach Methodologies (NAMs).
  • To distinguish NAMs from traditional animal models and the 3Rs framework (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).
  • To highlight the broad applicability of NAMs beyond regulatory science.

Main Methods:

  • Defining NAMs as species-specific, non-animal methodologies.
  • Emphasizing the prioritization of the target species within NAMs.
  • Leveraging advanced technologies such as organoids, organ-on-chip, AI, and machine learning.

Main Results:

  • A proposed definition: NAMs are species-specific methodologies that do not involve living animals.
  • NAMs eliminate the need for interspecies extrapolation, especially when the target species is human.
  • NAMs provide novel biological insights and enhance species-relevant data accuracy compared to animal models.

Conclusions:

  • NAMs represent a fundamental shift from animal models, offering more human-relevant and accurate data.
  • Widespread adoption requires continued innovation, validation, policy support, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
  • NAMs foster more sustainable, humane, and scientifically robust biomedical research.