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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

SNOR promotes translation restart after dormancy.

Maciej Gluc1, Higor Rosa2,3, Maria Bozko1

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics and Center for Cell and Membrane Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Nature
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular dormancy allows survival by halting protein synthesis. A new factor, SNOR, helps dormant ribosomes restart translation efficiently when nutrients return, enabling cells to exit dormancy.

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Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
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Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular dormancy is a survival strategy during nutrient scarcity, involving reversible suppression of protein synthesis.
  • The mechanisms for eukaryotic ribosome reactivation upon nutrient availability remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ribosome reactivation after nutrient-induced dormancy in eukaryotic cells.
  • To identify factors involved in the transition from cellular dormancy to active protein synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution in situ cryo-electron tomography was employed in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • Biochemical and structural analyses were performed to characterize ribosome-associated factors.

Main Results:

  • A novel ribosome-associated factor, SNOR (SBDS domain-containing), was identified.
  • SNOR binds to the peptidyl transferase center of dormant ribosomes and interacts with eIF5A.
  • SNOR facilitates rapid translational restart and efficient polysome recovery upon nutrient repletion, acting as a ribosome restart factor rather than a hibernation factor.

Conclusions:

  • SNOR and eIF5A form a stress-responsive module that couples nutrient availability to ribosome reactivation.
  • This module surveils the ribosomal active site and promotes the exit from cellular dormancy by reactivating protein synthesis.