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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
09:55

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Published on: September 5, 2018

Developmental gene expression patterns driving species-specific cortical features.

Awais Javed1, Lucía Gómez1,2, Veronica Pravata3

  • 1Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nature
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Species-specific brain features arise from evolutionary changes in gene expression. Researchers found that JUNB and IRF1 genes control human cortical development, demonstrating how shared genes drive distinct brain evolution.

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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
09:55

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Published on: September 5, 2018

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
09:25

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

Published on: May 8, 2020

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cerebral cortex structure varies across species, influencing behavior.
  • These differences may stem from evolutionary changes in gene expression during development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how evolutionary changes in gene expression contribute to species-specific neocortex development.
  • To identify genes with conserved or divergent transcriptional regulation between mouse and human cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized machine vision to compare cell-type-specific gene expression in developing mouse and human neocortex, and human cortical organoids.
  • Conducted cell-type-specific gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mice and human cortical organoids.
  • Identified IRF1 as a regulator that activates JUNB and human-like gene networks in mice.

Main Results:

  • Discovered species-specific cyto-temporal gene expression patterns.
  • Found JUNB has mutually exclusive expression in human progenitors and mouse neurons.
  • Demonstrated JUNB bidirectionally controls human cortical features like progenitor proliferation and neuronal output.
  • Showed IRF1 activates JUNB and human-like gene networks in mouse radial glia, enabling cross-species activation of developmental programs.

Conclusions:

  • Cyto-temporal regulation of shared genes drives species-specific cortical features.
  • Provides a molecular framework for understanding and manipulating evolutionary developmental programs in the brain.