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Updated: May 15, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
Published on: October 13, 2016
Minor neuropsychological deficits and stage 2 of Alzheimer's disease
Melina Stark1,2, Michael Wagner1,2, Elizabeth Kuhn1,2
1Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Cognitive Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Introduction:
Subtle symptoms, like subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and minor neuropsychological deficits (MNPD), can improve the risk stratification in preclinical Alzheimer´s disease (AD) but their importance is insufficiently elaborated.
Methods:
We pooled data from cognitively normal individuals participating in three longitudinal cohort studies (N = 13,192, 8,359[63.3%] female, mean [SD] age 71.0[8.4]).
Results:
Compared to participants without SCD and MNPD (SCD-/MNPD-), SCD-/MNPD+, SCD+/MNPD-, and SCD+/MNPD+ participants had an increased risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, including in amyloid-positive individuals. Focusing on SCD+/MNPD+ participants triples the positive predictive value of amyloid biomarker testing for the 5-year prediction of MCI and reduces the required samples size for trials in preclinical AD to one fourth, compared to considering all cognitively normal participants regardless of subtle symptoms.
Discussion:
SCD and MNPD offer a powerful approach for risk stratification in preclinical AD, which can improve clinical trial designs, risk counseling, and future case identifications for early treatment.
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