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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

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Mouse Round Spermatid Injection
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Advanced Paternal Age Reduces Live Birth Rates in Normospermic Men Undergoing ART: A Large Retrospective Cohort

Serena Maruccia1, Stefano Terzoni2, Daniele Tienforti3

  • 1Biogenesi Reproductive Medicine Centre, Istituti Clinici Zucchi, Monza, Italy.

Andrology
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Paternal age negatively impacts live birth rates in assisted reproductive technology (ART), even with normal semen parameters. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering paternal age in fertility assessments.

Keywords:
andrologyassisted reproductionlive birthmale reproductive ageingnormospermiapaternal age

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Human Reproduction
  • Andrology

Background:

  • Maternal age significantly affects assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes.
  • The influence of paternal age on ART success, especially in men with normal semen parameters, is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between paternal age and live birth rates in couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  • To specifically assess this relationship in cases where the male partner has normal semen parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 6262 couples undergoing their first fresh embryo transfer (2018-2024).
  • Normospermia defined by World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 criteria.
  • Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for maternal age; sensitivity analyses included anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and multiple imputation.

Main Results:

  • Advancing paternal age was significantly linked to lower odds of live birth (OR: 0.943 per year).
  • This association persisted after adjusting for maternal age, AMH levels, and using multiple imputation.
  • No significant interaction was found between paternal age and the fertilisation technique (IVF vs. ICSI).

Conclusions:

  • Paternal age is an independent factor associated with reduced live birth probability in ART, even in normospermic men.
  • The cumulative effect of advancing paternal age can lead to a meaningful decline in reproductive success.
  • Paternal age should be considered a clinically relevant factor in fertility counselling and prognosis.