DeepPath: overcoming data scarcity for protein transition pathway prediction using physics-based deep learning

The structural dynamics of proteins play a crucial role in their function, yet many current deep learning methods chiefly yield high-resolution static snapshots of single conformations, with dynamics captured indirectly or at limited resolution unless paired with simulations or experiments. We present DeepPath, a physics-guided deep learning framework that rapidly predicts realistic protein transition pathways at atomistic resolution. Unlike conventional supervised learning approaches, DeepPath employs generative active learning (GAL) to iteratively refine its predictions, leveraging molecular mechanical force fields as oracles to guide pathway generation. We validated DeepPath on four biologically relevant test cases: AdK opening/closing, SHP2 activation, CdiB H1 expulsion, and BAM-complex gating, with DeepPath reproducing key transient interactions observed in previous studies. Notably, DeepPath also predicted an intermediate between the BAM inward- and outward-open states that closely aligns with an experimentally observed hybrid-barrel structure (TM-score = 0.91). This work highlights the potential of GAL for protein structure prediction.