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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Titanium 3D Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Structure Additively Manufactured

Asadullah Jan¹, Adnan Munir¹, Muhammad Rizwan Ul Haq¹

¹Department of Design and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

|May 14, 2026

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Functionally graded body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structures offer superior mechanical properties for aerospace applications. These structures enhance bending load capacity and exhibit a unique dual failure mode of buckling and fracture.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Lightweight and high-performance materials are crucial for aerospace applications.
Body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structures are being explored for their mechanical potential.
Uniformly graded structures have limitations in optimizing mechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the mechanical responses of functionally graded BCC lattice structures under bending and compression.
Compare the performance of functionally graded BCC lattices with uniform-graded BCC lattices.
Analyze the failure mechanisms and optimize the strength-to-weight ratio for aerospace applications.

Main Methods:

Experimental testing of BCC lattice structures in three-point bending and compression.

Keywords:

additive manufacturing body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structures functionally graded density mechanical properties selective laser melting (SLM)

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Finite element analysis (FEA) for numerical modeling of mechanical behavior.

Characterization of stress-strain curves, force-deformation, and failure modes.

Main Results:

Functionally graded BCC lattice structures demonstrated significantly enhanced mechanical features compared to uniform-graded structures.
Average bending load increased by 62.5% due to the gradient lattice design.
A dual failure model (buckling followed by fracture) was observed, distinct from single failure modes in other lattices.

Conclusions:

Functionally graded BCC lattice structures offer a promising approach to achieving an effective balance between strength and weight ratio for aerospace.
The observed dual failure mechanism contributes to the enhanced mechanical performance.
Experimental and numerical results showed close agreement, validating the findings.