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Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development

Published on: June 16, 2023

Structural and Functional Abnormalities in the Preterm Heart: From Development to Adulthood.

Phillip Zegelbone¹, Karen Young², Fintan Hughes³

¹Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL.

Journal of the American Heart Association

|May 14, 2026

Summary

Infants born prematurely with healthy hearts face increased adult cardiovascular disease risk. Early monitoring and risk reduction education are crucial for these children.

Keywords:

blood pressure cardiac myocytes newborn infant pregnancy premature birth premature infant

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development

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Published on: June 16, 2023

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse

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Published on: December 16, 2022

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice

Published on: April 7, 2022

Area of Science:

Neonatal Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Developmental Biology

Background:

Premature infants with structurally normal hearts exhibit elevated risks for adult cardiovascular disease compared to term infants.
Multiple factors contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, including oxygen exposure, cellular damage, and procedural stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms underlying increased cardiovascular risk in preterm infants.
To highlight the need for clinical surveillance and updated management guidelines for preterm infants.

Main Methods:

Literature review of factors contributing to cardiovascular disease in preterm infants.
Discussion of current diagnostic technologies for cardiovascular abnormalities.
Analysis of existing clinical practice guidelines.

Main Results:

Premature birth is associated with significant cardiovascular risks, necessitating clinical attention.
Various factors like oxygen exposure, cellular changes, and procedural stress contribute to this risk.
Current diagnostic tools can detect abnormalities, but management guidelines are inconsistent.

Conclusions:

Heightened cardiovascular risk in preterm infants warrants consistent clinical surveillance and management.
Further research is needed, particularly regarding the impact of obesity.
Standard care should include educating families on cardiovascular risk reduction strategies.