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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Fluoride-Induced Coordination Restructuring and Chemical Behavior Modulation in Chloride Molten Salts.

Changzu Zhu1, Jian Liu1, Yuan Yin1

  • 1Institute of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fluoride addition to molten salts stabilizes lanthanum complexes by altering coordination. This enhances electrochemical stability and reduces corrosion in high-temperature energy systems.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Chloride molten salts are crucial for high-temperature energy systems.
  • Fluoride incorporation is used to tune salt properties, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is vital for optimizing molten salt electrolytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural and chemical evolution of LiCl-KCl-LaCl3 molten salts upon fluoride addition.
  • To establish the mechanistic link between electronic structure, coordination chemistry, and macroscopic behavior.
  • To provide a basis for rational design of molten salt electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • In situ optical basicity measurements.
  • Electrochemical analysis.
  • Deep potential molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • Fluoride addition lowers melt optical basicity, weakening electron donation.
  • F- preferentially coordinates with La3+, replacing Cl- and stabilizing complexes.
  • Reduced ionic diffusivity, increased melt viscosity, and negative shift in La3+/La potential observed.
  • Significant decrease in Ni corrosion current density.

Conclusions:

  • Anion substitution drives coordination restructuring and electrochemical stabilization.
  • Fluoride incorporation offers a mechanism for tuning molten salt properties.
  • Findings support rational design of advanced molten salt electrolytes for energy applications.