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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Eastern equine encephalitis-104 horses (1979-2017).

Diego E Gomez1, Gabriela Suarez2, Demia J de Tonnerre3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Abu Dhabi Equine and Camel Hospital (ADECH), Abu Dhabi, AD 00000, UAE.

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a fatal neurologic disease in horses. Higher precipitation correlated with increased EEE cases, and specific clinical signs indicated a poor prognosis.

Keywords:
EEEalphavirusencephalitideshorsesmortalityvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Equine Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a severe, often fatal neurologic disease affecting horses.
  • Limited data exists on EEE's clinical presentation, epidemiology, and factors influencing survival in horses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinicopathologic and epidemiologic features of horses diagnosed with EEE.
  • To identify prognostic factors associated with survival in horses affected by EEE.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case series was conducted involving 104 horses diagnosed with EEE between 1979 and 2017.
  • Medical records were analyzed for clinical signs, diagnostic results, and outcomes.
  • Statistical analyses, including logistic regression and generalized linear models, were used to identify survival predictors and climate-disease associations.

Main Results:

  • The median age of affected horses was 1.4 years, with Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses being predominant breeds.
  • Increased annual precipitation was significantly associated with a higher number of EEE cases.
  • Common clinical signs included abnormal behavior, hyperthermia, recumbency, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis frequently revealed discoloration, high protein, and neutrophilic pleocytosis.
  • The overall case fatality rate was 90%. Factors such as recumbency, seizure activity, specific bloodwork abnormalities (neutrophilia, monocytosis), and CSF findings were linked to mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Eastern equine encephalitis is a rapidly progressing and highly fatal neurologic condition in horses.
  • Higher precipitation levels correlate with increased EEE incidence.
  • Clinicopathologic findings, including recumbency, seizures, leukogram changes, and CSF abnormalities, serve as crucial prognostic indicators for guiding clinical management and client communication.