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Differences between personality functioning, normal-range traits, and maladaptive traits: Replication in a
Yuping Liu1, Eivind R Strand2, Henrik Nordahl3
1Bay Area School of Applied Psychological Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai.
Personality Disorders
|May 14, 2026
Summary
This study confirms links between personality functioning, normal traits, and maladaptive traits in a Norwegian sample. Findings support the alternative model of personality disorders, showing both shared and unique contributions over time.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Clinical Psychology
- Personality Psychology
Background:
- The alternative model of personality disorders is recognized, but overlap between personality functioning, maladaptive traits, and normal traits needs more research.
- Longitudinal evidence and generalizability of existing findings on these associations are limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a conceptual replication of previous findings on personality functioning and traits.
- To investigate associations and distinctions among personality functioning, normal-range traits, and maladaptive traits in a Norwegian community sample.
- To extend prior research to a new population and methodological context.
Main Methods:
- A preregistered study with 1,418 participants from a Norwegian community sample.
- Longitudinal data collected across 4 waves over 6 months.
- Conceptual replication of 11 preregistered hypotheses from a prior study.
Main Results:
- Findings largely replicated the pattern of a previous study.
- Systematic differences were observed in the distributions and longitudinal properties of personality functioning and traits.
- Maladaptive traits were predicted by both personality functioning impairments and normal-range personality traits.
Conclusions:
- Results provide further longitudinal support for similarities and distinctions between personality functioning and trait dimensions within the alternative model of personality disorders.
- This replication strengthens evidence for the robustness and generalizability of conclusions regarding personality functioning and traits.
- The study highlights shared and unique contributions of personality functioning and traits to maladaptive traits.
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