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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
08:20

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

Encephalitis.

Sophie N M Binks1, Deanna Saylor2, Ava Easton3

  • 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encephalitis, a brain inflammation emergency, requires prompt diagnosis of infectious or autoimmune causes. This review outlines clinical strategies and investigations to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
08:20

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
10:21

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Encephalitis presents a significant global health challenge, causing substantial morbidity and mortality.
  • Causes are broadly categorized into infectious and autoimmune etiologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide pragmatic clinical approaches for recognizing and differentiating common viral and autoimmune causes of encephalitis.
  • To emphasize the role of investigations in identifying causative agents and guiding treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Highlighting clinical recognition of encephalitis subtypes.
  • Utilizing serum and cerebrospinal fluid nucleic acid and autoantibody testing.
  • Reviewing emerging targeted therapies and outcome measurements.

Main Results:

  • A clinically led approach aids early subtype recognition.
  • Accurate diagnosis facilitates timely antiviral and immunotherapy administration.
  • Minimizing misdiagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis of encephalitis is key to improving patient outcomes.
  • Integrated strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and care are essential.
  • Addressing long-term patient, caregiver, and economic burdens is vital.