Antioxidants as immunomodulators for Tau and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder driven by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and pathological protein aggregation, such as Tau tangles and Amyloid-beta plaques. These processes disrupt neuronal integrity, contributing to cognitive decline. Dietary antioxidants, including phenolic compounds, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and isothiocyanates, have shown significant potential in mitigating these pathological mechanisms. They neutralize free radicals, reduce Tau hyperphosphorylation, inhibit Amyloid-beta aggregation, and alleviate inflammation, offering neuroprotection. Nutrient-rich diets, such as the Mediterranean, MIND, and Indian traditional diets, rich in these bioactive compounds, are associated with enhanced brain health and a reduced risk of AD progression. This review highlights the multifaceted role of antioxidants in preventing and managing AD while emphasizing the need for continued research to optimize their therapeutic potential and integration into daily nutrition.