Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chronic alcohol disrupts premotor cortex intrinsic excitability and transmission.

Neuropharmacology·2026
Same author

Bridging the gap of vision restoration.

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience·2024
Same author

Asymmetric Activation of ON and OFF Pathways in the Degenerated Retina.

eNeuro·2024
Same author

Human retinal ganglion cell neurons generated by synchronous BMP inhibition and transcription factor mediated reprogramming.

NPJ Regenerative medicine·2023
Same author

Reduced Oxygen Impairs Photobehavior in Marine Invertebrate Larvae.

The Biological bulletin·2022
Same author

Differences in the spatial fidelity of evoked and spontaneous signals in the degenerating retina.

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis
12:01

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis

Published on: August 2, 2013

Inhibitory Circuits Can Restore OFF Pathway Responses in Retinal Prostheses.

Maya Carleton1, Nicholas W Oesch2,3,4

  • 1Departments of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified how to activate the retinal OFF pathway for vision prosthetics. Specific retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) show preserved OFF responses, driven by unique cellular mechanisms, offering new strategies for prosthetic vision restoration.

Keywords:
brain–machine interfaceneural circuitsneural prostheticsretinaretinal diseasevision restoration

More Related Videos

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro
12:56

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Published on: December 19, 2017

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches
10:50

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

Published on: June 21, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis
12:01

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis

Published on: August 2, 2013

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro
12:56

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Published on: December 19, 2017

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches
10:50

Computational Modeling of Retinal Neurons for Visual Prosthesis Research - Fundamental Approaches

Published on: June 21, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Visual processing relies on parallel ON and OFF pathways for luminance changes.
  • Current retinal prostheses activate the ON pathway but fail to engage the OFF pathway, limiting perception of dark features.
  • Retinal degeneration diseases like retinitis pigmentosa severely impair vision by affecting these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional deficits of the OFF pathway in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.
  • To identify cellular mechanisms and neural circuits responsible for electrically evoked OFF pathway responses.
  • To explore strategies for improving prosthetic vision by targeting the OFF pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Electrical stimulation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.
  • Whole-cell voltage recordings to analyze RGC responses to stimulation.
  • Combinatorial genetic and chemogenetic approaches to identify pre-synaptic sources.
  • Investigating the role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.

Main Results:

  • Most OFF RGCs exhibited aberrant ON responses to electrical stimulation.
  • A specific subtype, OFFα RGCs, demonstrated preserved OFF responses post-stimulation.
  • These preserved responses were mediated by post-inhibitory rebound excitation via specific ion channels.
  • AII amacrine cells were identified as the pre-synaptic drivers of these OFF responses.

Conclusions:

  • The OFFα RGC subtype and its underlying circuitry offer a potential target for restoring OFF pathway function.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of post-inhibitory rebound excitation is crucial for prosthetic development.
  • Tuning electrical stimulation parameters can enhance OFF pathway activation, improving prosthetic vision restoration.