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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

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Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts
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Dopant-controlled oxygen vacancy dynamics define CO2-to-methanol catalysis on In2O3.

Matthias Becker1, Margareth S Baidun2, Annelies Landuyt1

  • 1ETH Zürich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, CH, Zürich, Switzerland.

Nature Communications
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Doping indium oxide (In2O3) with Zr enhances CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, improving catalyst stability. Sn-doping, however, leads to deactivation due to unreactive oxygen vacancies.

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In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlling catalyst active sites is crucial for developing efficient catalysts.
  • The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol over indium oxide (In2O3) is a key reaction, believed to occur at oxygen vacancies (VO∙∙).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Sn or Zr doping affects the structural dynamics, catalytic activity, and stability of In2O3.
  • To understand the role of oxygen vacancies in the CO2 hydrogenation mechanism and catalyst deactivation.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the structural dynamics of Sn- and Zr-doped cubic In2O3 (c-In2O3).
  • Evaluated the catalytic activity and stability of the doped catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation.
  • Analyzed the defect dynamics and their impact on the reaction mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Sn-doped In2O3 showed unreactive oxygen vacancies, leading to deactivation via In0 and Sn0 formation.
  • Zr-doped In2O3 exhibited highly reactive oxygen vacancies, resulting in high catalytic activity and stability.
  • The balance between oxygen vacancy formation and replenishment dictates catalyst performance.

Conclusions:

  • Zr doping enhances the stability and activity of In2O3 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation by maintaining reactive oxygen vacancies.
  • Sn doping leads to deactivation due to the formation of unreactive oxygen vacancies and metallic species.
  • Defect dynamics, specifically oxygen vacancy replenishment, are critical for designing stable and active In2O3-based catalysts.