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Post-traumatic stress disorder
Kerry J Ressler1, Barbara O Rothbaum2, Paula P Schnurr3,4
1Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. kressler@mclean.harvard.edu.
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|May 14, 2026
Summary
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition following trauma. This review covers PTSD epidemiology, neurobiology, and effective treatment strategies for adults.
Area of Science:
- Psychiatry
- Neuroscience
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition triggered by traumatic events.
- It manifests as intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood changes, and hyperarousal.
- PTSD affects millions globally, with higher prevalence in trauma survivors, and is linked to other mental and physical health issues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive review of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.
- To examine the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD.
- To discuss current and emerging treatment modalities for PTSD.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of epidemiological data on PTSD prevalence.
- Analysis of neurobiological and genetic mechanisms implicated in PTSD.
- Synthesis of findings on pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD.
Main Results:
- PTSD has a significant lifetime prevalence, particularly in high-risk populations.
- Neurobiological research reveals alterations in neural circuitry and genetic factors contributing to PTSD.
- Multiple treatment options, including medication and psychotherapy, show efficacy in managing PTSD symptoms.
Conclusions:
- PTSD is a prevalent and complex disorder with significant public health implications.
- Understanding the neurobiology of PTSD is crucial for developing targeted treatments.
- A combination of evidence-based treatments offers effective management for adults with PTSD.
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