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Updated: May 16, 2026

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential of Spirocyclic Compounds: A Comprehensive Review.

Dimah Alghannam¹, Mohamed A Morsy¹, Christophe Tratrat¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Current Pharmaceutical Design

|May 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spirocyclic compounds show promise in combating antimicrobial resistance. Research highlights their antibacterial potential against resistant strains, offering new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:

Spirocyclic compounds Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)antibacterial antifungal antimicrobial resistance clinical trials.spiro oxindole

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Area of Science:

Medicinal Chemistry
Drug Discovery
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Rising antimicrobial resistance necessitates novel antibacterial agents.
Spirocyclic compounds offer unique 3D structures with potential pharmacological activities.
This review focuses on spirocyclic compounds researched between 2019-2025 for antibacterial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the antibacterial potential of natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic spirocyclic compounds.
To analyze activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and resistant bacterial strains.
To identify promising therapeutic scaffolds and explore Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR).

Main Methods:

Literature search in peer-reviewed scientific databases (2019-2025).
Inclusion of studies evaluating antibacterial activity of spirocyclic derivatives.
Classification of compounds by scaffold, analysis of antibacterial activity, synergistic effects, and computational docking.

Main Results:

Spiro β-lactams, chromanes, thiazolidines, and oxindoles demonstrated antibacterial potential.
Spiro oxindoles were the most studied scaffold (44 articles).
Significant activity against resistant strains and synergistic effects with antibiotics were noted; one derivative gained FDA approval.

Conclusions:

Spirocyclic frameworks are a valuable strategy against bacteria due to structural diversity and efficacy.
These compounds expand 3D chemical space, addressing antimicrobial resistance.
Further mechanistic validation and SAR studies are needed to optimize spiro compound development.