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Updated: May 16, 2026

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Know your scientist: KYC as biosecurity infrastructure.

Jonathan Feldman1, Tal Feldman2, Annie I Anton1

  • 1College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Biological AI tools pose dual-use risks. A three-tier Know Your Customer (KYC) framework, combining institutional vetting, output screening, and behavioral monitoring, enhances security for AI in protein design.

Keywords:
AI governanceKYCaccess controlbiological design toolsbiosecuritydual-use risk

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Advancements in biological AI for protein design and structure prediction present dual-use risks.
  • Existing safeguards like keyword filtering and output screening are insufficient for biological applications due to challenges in function prediction and threat detection.
  • Managing these risks requires shared responsibility between research institutions and AI model hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel three-tier Know Your Customer (KYC) framework to mitigate dual-use risks associated with biological AI tools.
  • To enhance existing security measures by incorporating user verification and monitoring alongside content inspection.
  • To ensure continued access for legitimate research while increasing the cost and difficulty of misuse.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a three-tier KYC framework inspired by anti-money laundering (AML) practices.
  • Tier I: Research institutions act as trust anchors, vouching for and vetting affiliated researchers.
  • Tier II: Output screening via sequence homology searches and functional annotation.
  • Tier III: Monitoring of user behavior for anomalies inconsistent with declared research purposes.

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework augments current methods by adding layers of user verification and monitoring.
  • It leverages institutional accountability and traceability to deter misuse.
  • The approach balances access for legitimate researchers with enhanced security.

Conclusions:

  • The three-tier KYC framework provides a practical solution for managing dual-use risks in biological AI.
  • It can be implemented immediately using existing institutional infrastructure without new legislation.
  • This shared responsibility model enhances security in AI-driven protein design and prediction.