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Artificial Sweeteners Induce Bacterial Drug Resistance and Modulate Gene Expression.

Xin Jin¹, Juan Xu², Yu Cao¹

¹Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.

Infection and Drug Resistance

|May 15, 2026

Summary

Artificial sweeteners, even at permitted levels, can decrease antibiotic susceptibility and increase bacterial resistance and virulence genes. Further research is needed to validate these findings in vivo.

Keywords:

antibiotic resistance artificial sweeteners gene expression safety

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Food Science
Pharmacology

Background:

Artificial sweeteners are widely used sugar substitutes.
Concerns exist regarding their potential impact on bacterial physiology and antibiotic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of artificial sweeteners on bacterial antibiotic susceptibility.
To examine the expression of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in bacteria exposed to artificial sweeteners at permitted daily intake levels.

Main Methods:

Evaluated antibacterial effects of five artificial sweeteners on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Utilized transcriptome sequencing to analyze gene expression related to resistance, oxidative stress, and virulence after 2-hour exposure.

Main Results:

Artificial sweeteners at permitted levels did not significantly affect bacterial growth but reduced antibiotic susceptibility.
Upregulation of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, oxidative stress, and virulence was observed.
Increased ROS production and potential effects on iron uptake genes were noted.

Conclusions:

Artificial sweetener consumption at permitted doses may compromise bacterial function and antibiotic efficacy.
The safety of artificial sweeteners as sugar substitutes warrants careful consideration and further in vivo validation.