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Cervical Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Assessment With Immigrants in Australia
Cannas Kwok1, Gihane Endrawes2, Chun Fan Lee3,4
1School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
Western Journal of Nursing Research
|May 15, 2026
Summary
A new culturally sensitive questionnaire, the Cervical Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (CCSBQ), was developed to assess immigrant women's knowledge and attitudes regarding cervical cancer screening. The CCSBQ is a valid and reliable tool for this underserved population.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Gynecologic Oncology
- Health Disparities
Background:
- Minority women are an underserved demographic in cervical screening programs.
- Existing tools may not adequately address cultural nuances for immigrant populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- Develop and psychometrically assess the Cervical Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (CCSBQ).
- Create a culturally sensitive instrument to measure immigrant women's beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes toward cervical cancer and screening.
Main Methods:
- The CCSBQ was developed using literature review and preliminary study data.
- A sample of 871 women was used for questionnaire development and validation.
- Face, content, construct, convergent-divergent validity, and internal consistency were assessed using expert review, multi-trait analysis, and Cronbach's alpha.
Main Results:
- A 17-item, 3-subscale CCSBQ was finalized.
- Psychometric evaluation confirmed a 3-factor structure with strong item-subscale correlations (≥0.39).
- Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 0.71 to 0.88, indicating good internal consistency. Awareness and participation correlated with proactive attitudes and knowledge.
Conclusions:
- The CCSBQ is a culturally appropriate, valid, and reliable tool.
- It effectively measures attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening in immigrant women.
- The questionnaire can aid in improving screening practices for this population.
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