New and emerging therapies in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) has been recognized as a chronic autoimmune disease for five decades, but therapy has relied on the exogenous replacement of insulin, which is an imperfect substitute for normal β cell function. In recent years, there has been progress in the development of new therapeutics that target the primary causes of the disease: failed immunologic tolerance and β cell killing. One agent, teplizumab, was shown to attenuate loss of β cell function that occurs over time and delay progression to clinical disease in individuals at risk, leading to its regulatory approval in 2022. Other immunologic agents show promise in modulating the immunologic imbalance. Moreover, a role for β cells in T1D pathogenesis has been identified and may be targeted. Now that the first disease-modifying therapeutic agent is available, future studies may involve combinations of agents to extend immunologic tolerance and protect and restore β cells so that lasting metabolic remission can be achieved.