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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Induction of HIV-Specific T Cell Responses Using αDC1 Pulsed With Conserved HIV-1 Peptides.

Laís Teodoro Da Silva1, Marina Mazzilli Ortega1, Silvia de Jesus Mota1

  • 1Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, usp.br.

Journal of Immunology Research
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Alpha-type-1 polarized dendritic cells (αDC1) pulsed with conserved HIV-1 peptides stimulated T cell responses. Effector memory CD4+ T cells produced IFN-γ, indicating potential for HIV immunotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 but cannot eradicate latent reservoirs in CD4+ T cells.
  • Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies, especially alpha-type-1 polarized DCs (αDC1), show promise for enhancing HIV-specific T cell immunity.
  • Challenges include HIV genetic diversity and variability in DC-based therapy protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate conserved HIV-1 gag and pol peptides for their ability to stimulate T cell responses when presented by αDC1.
  • To assess the capacity of αDC1 to induce HIV-specific immune responses in vitro.
  • To prepare for a future clinical trial using αDC1-based HIV immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Monocytes were differentiated into αDC1 using IL-4 and GM-CSF.
  • αDC1 were pulsed with conserved HIV-1 gag and pol peptide pools and matured with cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α).
  • Pulsed αDC1 were co-cultured with autologous T cells, and immune responses (IFN-γ production) were measured.

Main Results:

  • Pulsed αDC1 successfully induced T cell immune responses, evidenced by IFN-γ production.
  • Effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM) were identified as the primary producers of IFN-γ upon re-exposure to HIV antigens.
  • The study demonstrated the potential of this approach in a Brazilian cohort.

Conclusions:

  • αDC1 pulsed with conserved HIV-1 peptides can effectively stimulate HIV-specific T cell immunity.
  • Effector memory CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the IFN-γ response to these pulsed αDC1.
  • This study provides a foundation for developing αDC1-based immunotherapies targeting conserved HIV-1 epitopes.