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Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Fungal Group Zygomycota01:29

Fungal Group Zygomycota

Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Induction of Petite Colonies in Candida glabrate via Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
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Induction of Petite Colonies in Candida glabrate via Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

Published on: March 29, 2024

(R)-(+)-limonene: a promising antifungal agent against Candida glabrata.

B A Pires1, C I S Medeiros2, J R D A Santos2

  • 1Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde - CCS, Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.

Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira De Biologia
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The monoterpene (R)-(+)-limonene shows significant antifungal activity against Candida glabrata, offering a promising natural alternative for treating fungal infections. This study highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic agent against drug-resistant strains.

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Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
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Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Induction of Petite Colonies in Candida glabrate via Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
09:06

Induction of Petite Colonies in Candida glabrate via Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

Published on: March 29, 2024

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
08:54

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Mycology
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Candida fungal infections are globally prevalent, with increasing antifungal resistance posing a significant clinical challenge.
  • Medicinal plants offer a rich source for developing novel antifungal agents and therapeutic alternatives.
  • The emergence of drug-resistant fungal pathogens necessitates the exploration of new compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the antifungal potential of the monoterpene (R)-(+)-limonene against clinical isolates of Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata).
  • To elucidate the mechanism of action underlying the observed antifungal activity.
  • To assess the molecular interactions of (R)-(+)-limonene with key fungal enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Broth microdilution technique to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC).
  • Sorbitol and ergosterol assays to investigate the mechanism of action on cell wall and plasma membrane.
  • Molecular docking simulations to analyze interactions with 1,3-β-glucanase and sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51).

Main Results:

  • (R)-(+)-Limonene exhibited fungicidal activity with MIC and MFC values of 256 μg/mL against Candida glabrata strains.
  • The compound demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against ATCC 9003, LM 13, and LM 16, and moderate activity against LM 46.
  • Molecular docking indicated robust interaction with sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and potential disruption of the cell wall and plasma membrane.

Conclusions:

  • (R)-(+)-Limonene displays significant antifungal properties against Candida glabrata, suggesting a dual mechanism involving cell wall and plasma membrane.
  • The strong interaction with sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a key finding for its antifungal efficacy.
  • (R)-(+)-Limonene is a promising candidate for developing novel therapeutic strategies against candidiasis, particularly those caused by resistant strains.