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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Molecular Bridge Enables Dual-Intermediate Synergy for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products.

Chaofan Wan1, Yangyang Fang1, Li Li2

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel molecular bridge strategy enhances CO2 electroreduction to multicarbon products by synchronizing CO and H intermediates on Cu nanosheets, achieving 81% efficiency and improving selectivity.

Keywords:
CO2 electroreductionC─C couplingcopper nanosheetsintermediate synergymolecular bridge

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Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • CO2 electroreduction to multicarbon products is a sustainable synthesis pathway.
  • Kinetically mismatched *CO and *H intermediates hinder multicarbon formation efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the bottleneck of kinetically mismatched intermediates in CO2 electroreduction.
  • To develop a molecular-bridge-enabled dual-intermediate synergy strategy for enhanced multicarbon product formation.

Main Methods:

  • Integrating sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine molecules with 2D Cu nanosheets to create a cooperative catalytic interface.
  • Utilizing molecular bridges to activate CO2, generate *CO, and reorganize water for proton transfer (*H feeding).
  • In situ spectroscopy to analyze interfacial species and reaction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Cu-CS nanosheets achieved 81% Faradaic efficiency for C2+ products at 400 mA cm-2 with >105 h stability.
  • Shifted reaction pathway from CO/H2-dominated to C2+-selective, improving the C2+:(CO + H2) ratio from 0.7 to 4.6.
  • Spectroscopic evidence showed enriched *CO and increased proton-transfer-active species.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular-bridge-enabled dual-intermediate synergy effectively enhances CO2 electroreduction to multicarbon products.
  • The strategy synchronizes intermediate delivery, accelerating C-C coupling and hydrogenation.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for steering electrocatalytic selectivity and product distribution.