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PufCB-Auth: A lightweight continuous multi-factor authentication scheme integrated PUF with charging behavior
Chongchao Zhang1,2, Kaichen Zhang1, Chunguang Zhang1
1State Grid Si Ji Wang An Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
Plos One
|May 15, 2026
Summary
This study introduces PufCB-Auth, a secure authentication method for electric vehicles (EVs) using hardware and charging behavior. Enhanced PufCB-Auth improves robustness for dynamic EV charging environments.
Area of Science:
- Electrical Engineering
- Computer Science
- Cybersecurity
Background:
- Increasing electric vehicle (EV) adoption necessitates secure authentication for charging infrastructure.
- Existing authentication methods struggle with dynamic EV charging, static credentials, and computational overhead.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose PufCB-Auth, a lightweight multi-factor authentication scheme for EV charging.
- To enhance security and robustness against user behavior drift and hardware fluctuations.
Main Methods:
- Integration of hardware-level Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with charging behavior features.
- Development of a multi-modal digital fingerprint for authentication.
- Implementation of a fingerprint update mechanism in Enhanced PufCB-Auth.
Main Results:
- PufCB-Auth offers a lightweight design with strong robustness and continuous authentication.
- Enhanced PufCB-Auth effectively mitigates issues from charging behavior drift and PUF response fluctuations.
- Simulations confirm improved authentication accuracy and robustness with minimal system overhead.
Conclusions:
- The proposed PufCB-Auth scheme is suitable for dynamic, resource-constrained EV charging environments.
- The Enhanced PufCB-Auth provides a practical solution for secure EV charging authentication.
- The scheme enables reliable EV-charging pile interactions in real-world scenarios.
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