Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient capacity and constraints in managing multimorbidity: a qualitative study in primary care settings in Kerala, India.

BMC primary care·2026
Same author

Unravelling the antifungal property of a type I crustin from Scylla olivacea: Membrane disruption and ROS generation as modes of action.

Fish & shellfish immunology·2025
Same author

Textural and sensorial properties of meatball analogues produced from alkaline extracted Indian pulse protein concentrates and other plant-based composites.

Journal of food science and technology·2025
Same author

Non-communicable disease multi-morbidity in policies from India, Thailand, and South Africa: A comparative document review.

Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity·2025
Same author

Healthcare providers' perspectives on the organization of health services to manage people with multiple long-term conditions in primary care settings in Kerala, India: a qualitative exploratory study.

Frontiers in public health·2025
Same author

A Novel Hepcidin Isoform Jd-Hep from the Sin Croaker Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830): Recombinant Expression and Insights into the Antibacterial Property and Modes of Action.

Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same journal

Nanogenerator-driven self-powered electrochromic systems: Performance enhancement, interfacial-structural integration, and multifunctional design.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
Same journal

Zooming into the polarity of deep eutectic solvents.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
Same journal

Colloids in lubrication: Development of amphiphiles from molecular structure to tribological performance.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
Same journal

Engineering interfacial and network Structures in high internal phase Pickering emulsions: Mechanisms, encapsulation and release of bioactive compounds, and 3D/4D food printing applications.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
Same journal

Quantum dot-FRET viral biosensors: Materials, surface chemistry, and recognition architectures.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
Same journal

Microgels prepared by microfluidics from structural design to practical applications: Development and challenge.

Advances in colloid and interface science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
09:22

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Multiple heterojunctions in photocatalysis.

Athira Krishnan1, M Bindu2, K Archana3

  • 1General Department, Govt. Polytechnic College, Punalur, Kerala, India.

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Creating advanced photocatalysts involves designing multiple heterojunctions for enhanced efficiency. This review details material selection, fabrication, and applications, highlighting S-scheme heterojunctions for superior performance in photocatalysis.

Keywords:
HeterojunctionsInterface engineeringP-n junctionPhotocatalysisS-schemeSchottky junctionType II heterojunctionZ-scheme

More Related Videos

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
09:22

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Photocatalysis is crucial for water splitting, pollutant degradation, and disinfection.
  • Photocatalyst efficiency hinges on light absorption, charge carrier recombination, and transport.
  • Heterojunction engineering is key to optimizing these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide generalizations on material selection and fabrication of efficient multiple heterojunction photocatalysts.
  • To critically analyze research data for developing multifunctional, high-performance photocatalysts.
  • To offer insights into the challenges and future directions in heterojunction photocatalyst development.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of existing research data on multiple heterojunction photocatalysts.
  • Detailed examination of ten types of multiple heterojunctions, including charge separation mechanisms and fabrication principles.
  • Illustration of synthesis methods and photocatalytic applications.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive detailing of ten multiple heterojunction types, their mechanisms, fabrication, and applications.
  • Extensive discussion on Type II, Z-scheme, and the emerging S-scheme heterojunctions.
  • S-scheme heterojunctions are highlighted for their superior charge separation and high redox potentials.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple heterojunctions, particularly S-scheme, offer exceptional photocatalytic performance.
  • Addressing synthesis, stability, and commercialization challenges is crucial for future development.
  • This review provides a novel approach to understanding multi-junction catalysts for advancing photocatalysis research.