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Updated: May 17, 2026

Resource Recycling of Red Soil to Synthesize Fe2O3/FAU-type Zeolite Composite Material for Heavy Metal Removal
Published on: June 2, 2022
Chemical speciation and release characteristics in different environments of heavy metals in thermally activated red
Jing Yang1, Xin Fan2, Hailan Zhang2
1School of Electric Power, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030031, PR China; Trial-produce Center for Smart Building and Green Construction Technology of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, PR China.
Abstract:
The potential environmental risk of heavy metals hinders the resource utilization of thermally activated red mud. This study employed modified BCR sequential extraction, leaching tests, and microstructural characterization to systematically investigate the effect of thermal activation (0-1200 °C) on heavy metal speciation, leaching behavior, and associated risk. Medium‑temperature treatment (400-800 °C) markedly increased the bioavailability and leaching risk of Zn and Cr, with the acid‑soluble Cr fraction reaching 74% at 800 °C. Leaching of all heavy metals peaked under acidic conditions at 40-50°C. Mechanistically, medium‑temperature activation decomposed minerals and formed an interconnected mesoporous network, increasing surface area while creating efficient pathways for heavy metal migration, thereby elevating release risk. In contrast, ultra‑high temperature sintering (≥1000 °C) induced densification through particle fusion and mineral recrystallization, destroying pore connectivity and effectively encapsulating heavy metals within a stable matrix. Therefore, safe utilization of thermally activated red mud requires avoiding acidic environments, whereas ultra‑high temperature sintering offers an effective immobilization strategy. This study reveals element-specific speciation patterns, links heavy metal mobility to microstructural evolution, and identifies strongly acidic conditions and 40-50 °C as critical factors controlling release, providing systematic understanding and practical guidance for safe red mud utilization.
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