Transcranial ultrasound stimulation for neuromodulation in movement disorders

Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation has emerged as a potential tool for non-invasive neuromodulation, with applications ranging from basic neuroscience research to the treatment of psychiatric and neurological conditions. Here we outline the current state of the field and outlook in the context of its application to motor responses and movement disorders. A systematic search identified 45 relevant trials, including 30 studies in healthy participants and 15 in patients with movement disorders. Despite promising findings, heterogeneity in protocols and outcomes limit clear conclusions about efficacy. Protocols, targets, and outcome measures are discussed, safety, potential confounds, controls, and risks of bias are noted, and forward-looking experimental refinements and technical developments are highlighted.