H3K9me3 controls epidermis morphogenesis by regulating RNA Pol II dynamics at developmental promoters and enhancers

Histone H3K9me3 silences repetitive elements and represses non-lineage genes during early development, but its role in organogenesis is understudied. Here, we show that H3K9me3 deposition is dynamic during epidermis morphogenesis and essential for lineage diversification. We ablate Suv39h1, Suv39h2, and Setdb1 histone methyltransferases, in the embryonic mouse epidermis, to induce H3K9me3 loss. This causes complete failure of keratinocyte differentiation, skin barrier formation, hair follicle development, and Merkel cell specification. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals aberrant cell fates with mixed epidermal subtype identities and dysregulated non-lineage and lineage-specific transcription programs. Affected pathways include differentiation, metabolism, cell cycle, cytoskeletal organization, and extracellular matrix. H3K9me3 primarily restricts RNA Pol II transcription initiation at key developmental promoters and enhancers and has minimal direct effect on promoter-proximal pause release. We uncover a cooperative and indispensable role for Suv39h1, Suv39h2, and Setdb1 in gene expression control of epidermal morphogenesis, establishing H3K9me3 as a critical developmental determinant of skin organogenesis.