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The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
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How semantic context and temporal dynamics affect egocentric and allocentric spatial representations.

Gennaro Ruggiero1, Francesco Ruotolo2, Michela Possenti2

  • 1Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy. gennaro.ruggiero@unicampania.it.

Scientific Reports
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Semantic context improves object-centered (allocentric) spatial memory, especially when information is presented over time. This suggests that meaningful environments enhance how we perceive spatial relationships dynamically.

Keywords:
AllocentricContextual semantic knowledgeEgocentricFrames of referenceSpatial-semantic binding

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Spatial information is processed using egocentric (body-centered) and allocentric (object-centered) reference frames.
  • Semantic knowledge, organized in context frames, influences object-context associations.
  • The interplay between semantic context, temporal dynamics, and spatial representation remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how daily-like semantic contexts and temporal dynamics influence egocentric and allocentric spatial representations.
  • To determine if meaningful environments enhance spatial memory encoding compared to abstract ones.
  • To examine the specific role of temporal dynamics in semantic modulation of spatial memory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants were immersed in virtual environments varying in semantic meaningfulness (abstract vs. meaningful like kitchen/bathroom).
  • Object triads were memorized under static (simultaneous) or dynamic (sequential) presentation conditions.
  • Egocentric and allocentric spatial judgments were collected to assess spatial representation accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Allocentric spatial representation accuracy improved significantly in meaningful environments compared to abstract ones.
  • No significant differences in egocentric spatial judgments were observed across conditions.
  • The semantic benefit for allocentric encoding was prominent only in the dynamic condition, requiring temporal integration.

Conclusions:

  • Semantic context selectively enhances allocentric spatial representations, particularly when information unfolds dynamically over time.
  • The findings highlight a crucial interaction between semantic memory and spatial memory systems.
  • This interaction shapes our dynamic perception and representation of the surrounding world.