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Mayflies (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) as indicators of diffuse agricultural pollution.

Carlos Molineri1, Karina García2

  • 1Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina. carlosmolineri@gmail.com.

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|May 15, 2026
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Summary

Diffuse agricultural pollution impacts mayfly (Ephemeroptera) communities differently across rivers in Argentina. Downstream sites showed altered mayfly composition, indicating context-dependent bioindicator utility.

Keywords:
Agricultural runoffAquatic insectsBioindicationPolluted streamsYungas

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Aquatic Biology

Background:

  • Anthropogenic land use, particularly agriculture, causes widespread pollution impacting freshwater ecosystems.
  • Diffuse agricultural pollution from agrochemical runoff is a major threat to aquatic life.
  • Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are sensitive bioindicators of water quality due to their aquatic larval stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of diffuse agricultural pollution on mayfly communities in Northwestern Argentina.
  • To compare mayfly abundance, species richness, and community composition upstream and downstream of sugarcane and citrus cultivation.
  • To evaluate the context-dependent effectiveness of mayflies as bioindicators in agricultural river systems.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 277 D-net samples across five rivers in Northwestern Argentina over nine visits (2009-2010).
  • Compared mayfly communities at upstream (reference) and downstream (cultivation-impacted) sites.
  • Utilized Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) to analyze community composition.
  • Employed SIMPER and Indicator Species Analysis to identify key species and differences between sites.

Main Results:

  • Mayfly abundance and richness were not uniformly reduced downstream; impacts varied among rivers.
  • Significant differences in mayfly community composition were observed between upstream and downstream sites.
  • Baetodes was more abundant upstream, contributing significantly to community dissimilarities.
  • Haplohyphes baritu, Lachlania sp., and Nanomis galera indicated upstream conditions; no species indicated downstream sites.

Conclusions:

  • Diffuse agricultural pollution has context-dependent impacts on mayfly communities.
  • Mayfly community composition is a sensitive indicator of agricultural pollution.
  • Downstream mayfly communities may represent a depauperate subset of upstream communities, highlighting ecological degradation.