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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12:21

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Autism subtypes identified using cross-species functional connectivity analyses.

Marco Pagani1,2,3, Valerio Zerbi4,5, Silvia Gini1,6

  • 1Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, CNCS@UNITN, Rovereto, Italy.

Nature Neuroscience
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autism

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Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Phenotypic heterogeneity in autism is assumed to stem from biological differences, but direct evidence is scarce.
  • Understanding these underlying biological variations is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether brain connectivity patterns in autism can be biologically classified into distinct subtypes.
  • To explore the biological pathways associated with these subtypes across species.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-species functional neuroimaging using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • Analysis of connectivity patterns in 20 genetic mouse models of autism and a large human dataset (940 autistic, 1036 neurotypical individuals).
  • Clustering of fMRI data to identify hypoconnectivity and hyperconnectivity subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Autism-related fMRI connectivity alterations cluster into hypoconnectivity-dominant and hyperconnectivity-dominant subtypes in both mice and humans.
  • Hypoconnectivity subtypes are linked to synaptic dysfunction, while hyperconnectivity subtypes are associated with transcriptional and immune alterations.
  • Human subtypes are replicable, show distinct network architectures and behaviors, and mirror the biological pathways found in mice.

Conclusions:

  • Brain connectivity patterns in autism exhibit biologically distinct subtypes, challenging the notion of a single autism pathobiology.
  • Identified subtypes provide an empirical framework for more precise subtyping of autism spectrum disorder.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering synaptic and immune-related pathways in autism research.