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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
05:54

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Published on: January 28, 2021

Operational mechanisms and application advances in artificial olfactory systems.

Chongyang Wang1, Zhikai Wang1, Shengqi Gan1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.

Biomedical Engineering Online
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Artificial olfactory systems mimic biological olfaction for detecting volatile compounds. Hybrid systems combining biological selectivity with synthetic stability offer promising next-generation electronic nose applications.

Keywords:
Bioelectronic noseElectronic noseGas sensorsOdorant-binding proteinsOlfactory receptorsPattern recognitionVolatile organic compounds

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
05:54

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Published on: January 28, 2021

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies
08:36

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies

Published on: April 11, 2025

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay
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Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

Published on: October 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic systems
  • Chemosensory technology
  • Sensor development

Background:

  • Biological olfaction relies on specific molecular binding to receptors and neural encoding.
  • Artificial olfactory systems aim to replicate this for volatile compound detection.
  • Existing systems include bioreceptor-based and nonbioreceptor-based approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize literature on artificial olfactory systems.
  • To evaluate sensing mechanisms, device architectures, and applications.
  • To identify translational challenges and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis from Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus.
  • Critical evaluation of bioreceptor (ORs, OBPs, peptides) and nonbioreceptor (colorimetric, MOS) sensors.
  • Analysis of signal processing and machine learning techniques.

Main Results:

  • Bioreceptor platforms offer high sensitivity for trace detection.
  • Nonbioreceptor sensors provide enhanced stability for continuous monitoring.
  • Hybrid architectures integrating biological and synthetic elements show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial olfactory systems have diverse applications in medical diagnosis, food safety, environmental surveillance, and public safety.
  • Challenges include stability of biological elements and sensor drift.
  • Hybrid systems represent a key future direction for advanced electronic noses.