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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat
07:11

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Published on: May 18, 2015

Differential Immune Cell Distribution Between Arterial and Venous Blood in Healthy Rats.

Sijie Lai1, Longpeng Li1, Shufan Yang1

  • 1School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|May 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Blood vessel type significantly impacts immune cell profiles. Arterial blood shows more T cells, while venous blood has more B cells, NK cells, and monocytes, affecting immune study results.

Keywords:
NK cellsT cellsarteryimmune cellsmonocytessingle‐cell RNA sequencingvein

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Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model
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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat
07:11

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Published on: May 18, 2015

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model
06:00

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model

Published on: June 30, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Previous studies identified microRNA differences between arterial and venous blood.
  • The immune cell composition and transcriptional states along the arterial-venous axis were previously unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize immune heterogeneity between arterial and venous blood.
  • To investigate differences in immune cell composition and transcriptional states along the arterial-venous axis.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing of 119,481 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  • Flow cytometry and protein-level validation.
  • Analysis of cell composition, subset proportions, and transcriptomic profiles.

Main Results:

  • Arterial blood showed enrichment of T cells, particularly naïve T cells.
  • Venous blood had higher abundance of B cells, NK cells, CD8+ effector memory T cells, and cytotoxic NK subsets.
  • Transcriptomic analysis revealed reduced JAK-STAT signaling in venous PBMCs, with cell-type-specific alterations in signaling pathways and functional programs.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cell composition and transcriptional states differ significantly between arterial and venous blood.
  • Blood sampling site is a critical determinant of immune readouts and a source of variability in immunological studies.
  • Coordinated, cell type-specific immune adaptations occur along the arterial-venous axis.