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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Unveiling Layer-Dependent Phase Transition and Lattice Dynamics in Two-Dimensional InSe.

Wenqian Shen1,2,3, Lok Wing Wong4, Huizhong Bai1,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discover how the thickness of two-dimensional indium selenide (2D InSe) influences its phase transitions under pressure. Thinner InSe flakes require more energy for phase transitions due to quantum confinement and defect effects.

Keywords:
2D materialshydrostatic pressureindium selenidelayered materialsphase transition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) indium selenide (InSe) exhibits unique properties like superior ballistic transport and thermoelectric effects.
  • These properties stem from its van der Waals (vdW) layered structure, influencing interlayer and intralayer interactions.
  • Vibrational modes in 2D InSe are sensitive to sample thickness, impacting phase transition behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of thickness on the vibrational behavior of 2D InSe during pressure-induced phase transitions.
  • To construct a pressure-layer number (LN) phase diagram for β-InSe.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms, including quantum confinement and defect effects, governing these transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze β-InSe flakes with varying layer numbers (4 to 33) under high pressure.
  • Photoluminescence (PL) experiments were conducted to corroborate findings.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to support experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • A pressure-layer number (LN) phase diagram for β-InSe was successfully constructed.
  • Thinner InSe flakes (fewer layers) unexpectedly require higher energy to undergo phase transitions.
  • Quantum confinement and defect effects were identified as key factors influencing the transition energy, independent of pressure direction.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a thickness-dependent phase transition behavior in 2D InSe under pressure.
  • Quantum confinement and defect effects play a crucial role in modulating phase transitions in few-layer InSe.
  • This research provides a foundation for engineering lattice dynamics in vdW materials via pressure manipulation.