Appointments aren't Access: The Hidden Work of Getting Care

Primary care access is often judged by appointment supply, waiting times, and utilisation, yet patients experience access as a series of small obstacles that accumulate into delay, drop-off, and avoidable deterioration. Building on existing literature on administrative burden, treatment burden, digital exclusion, and telemedicine inequity, this commentary proposes the Access Friction Index (AFI) as a practical framework for measuring the real-world effort required to convert a health need into timely assessment, follow-up, and treatment. Drawing on recent evidence from the UK, US and other settings, it links access friction to inequities for vulnerable groups, missed screening, medication non-adherence, unplanned return visits, and avoidable hospital use. It also outlines how routine service data and electronic records could be used to identify friction hotspots-including repeated contact, mode switching, handoffs, results handling failures, and delayed pathway closure-and how primary care-community approaches such as navigation and outreach might reduce friction while improving outcomes.