Mesoporous polydopamine-based biomimetic nanodelivery systems: recent advances in precision therapy

Mesoporous Polydopamine (MPDA) integrates a mesoporous architecture with dopamine chemistry, offering a high specific surface area, tunable pore size, abundant surface reactive sites, together with good biocompatibility and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, which collectively confer distinct advantages for drug delivery. However, unmodified MPDA is readily cleared by the immune system in vivo and lacks active targeting capability, limiting its therapeutic potential. Introducing biomimetic modifications, such as biological membrane coatings, can endow MPDA with prolonged circulation, immune evasion, and targeting capability, thereby markedly improving its stability and delivery efficiency in complex in vivo environments. This review systematically summarizes the structural design, biological functions, and research progress of MPDA-mediated biomimetic nanodelivery systems, with emphasis on their applications in tumors, inflammation, wound healing, antifibrotic therapy, and antiatherosclerotic therapy, encompassing multimodal strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. With continued advances in biomimetic membrane engineering, biomanufacturing, and imaging technologies, MPDA-based biomimetic nanodelivery systems are expected to provide new avenues for precision medicine.