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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Introducing Chemical Vapor Etching (CVE): A Material-Selective Approach for Surgically Precise Tarnish Removal.

Yumei Chai1,2, Aranzazu Sierra-Fernández1, Yuxing Qin3

  • 1Nanoscience Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chemical Vapor Etching (CVE) offers precise, vapor-phase removal of corrosion products from bronze artifacts. This Atomic Layer Etching-inspired method selectively cleans surfaces without damaging the underlying material.

Keywords:
atomic layer etchingbronze corrosionchemical vapor etchingcultural heritage materialssurface‐selective etchingtarnish removal

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Controlled removal of corrosion products is challenging due to chemical complexity and structural heterogeneity.
  • Existing methods (mechanical, laser, plasma) often lack precision and selectivity.
  • Corrosion management is critical in industrial applications and cultural heritage preservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel vapor-phase strategy for precise and selective removal of corrosion products.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of Chemical Vapor Etching (CVE) on corroded bronze.
  • To provide a controllable alternative to conventional subtractive treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Development of Chemical Vapor Etching (CVE), inspired by Atomic Layer Etching (ALE).
  • Application of CVE using Hexafluoroacetylacetone (Hhfac) on artificially corroded Cu-Sn-Pb bronze.
  • Characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

Main Results:

  • CVE selectively removed oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and chloride-containing corrosion products.
  • The underlying bronze substrate morphology and phase composition were preserved.
  • Efficient removal of sulfur species and significant reduction of chlorine were observed.
  • The process demonstrated tarnish-limited, self-terminating behavior.

Conclusions:

  • CVE offers a chemically precise, time-controlled, and non-line-of-sight method for corrosion product removal.
  • This technique is a viable alternative to conventional cleaning methods for bronze conservation.
  • The CVE strategy has potential applications in managing corrosion in copper-based systems.